Global Accidents in Solution Mining: Causes, Mechanisms, Consequences and Lessons Learned

Solution mining has expanded globally as an alternative to conventional mining for salt, potash, trona, lithium brines, sulfur, and uranium; however, it is inherently associated with geotechnical, hydrogeological, and environmental risks. This review critically examines major global accidents in solution mining, focusing on failure mechanisms, root causes, and consequences. Drawing on a systematic analysis of peer-reviewed literature, regulatory reports, and documented industrial incidents, the review classifies accidents into geomechanical failures (cavern collapse and subsidence), well integrity failures, uncontrolled brine migration, groundwater contamination, and operational or regulatory deficiencies. Representative case studies from North America, Europe, Asia, and South America highlight recurring patterns and region-specific challenges. The review shows that inadequate cavern design, insufficient monitoring, geological heterogeneity, and weak regulatory oversight are the dominant contributors to severe accidents. Environmental impacts often include irreversible aquifer salinization, land subsidence, and long-term social and economic damage. Finally, the paper discusses lessons learned, advances in monitoring and risk assessment technologies, and future research needs, providing a comprehensive framework to improve the safety, sustainability, and governance of solution mining operations worldwide.